(a) CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: that is, the planning, preparation, initiation or conduct of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a joint plan or conspiracy to implement any of these elements; The United Nations Mediator for Cyprus, Dr Galo Plaza[1], described the 1960 Constitution created by the Zurich and London Agreements as «a constitutional curiosity» and that the difficulties in implementing treaties signed on the basis of these agreements began almost immediately after independence. [2] The Constitution provided for in the agreements divided the Cypriot people into two communities based on ethnic origin. The President should be a Greek Cypriot, elected by the Greek Cypriots, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot, elected by the Turkish Cypriots. The Vice-President was granted a definitive veto over laws passed by the House of Representatives and against decisions of the Council of Ministers, which was composed of ten ministers, three of whom were to be Turkish Cypriots appointed by the Vice-President. «Of course, it would be an exaggeration to claim that agreements or processes of this kind can make a war of aggression or persecution of minorities impossible, just as it would be extravagant to claim that our federal laws make federal crimes impossible. But we cannot doubt that they strengthen the ramparts of peace and tolerance. The four nations, through their accusers and representatives at the Court, have formulated standards of conduct that bring new hope to people of good will and from whom future statesmen will not deviate lightly. These norms, by which the Germans were condemned, will become the condemnation of any nation incredulous towards them. Any Government of the United Nations may accede to this Convention by means of a diplomatic communication addressed to the Government of the United Kingdom informing the other signatory and acceding Governments of such accession. (b) WAR CRIMES: i.e.
violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations include, but are not limited to, the killing, ill-treatment or deportation for forced labour or other purposes of the civilian population in or in the occupied territories, the killing or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons at sea, the killing of hostages, the looting of public or private property, the wanton destruction of towns, towns or villages; or devastation not justified by military necessity;. CONSEQUENTLY, the Government of the United States of America, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereinafter referred to as the «Signatories»), acting in the interest of all the United Nations and having concluded this Agreement by their duly authorized representatives. Of course, the cost reductions will be greatest if the validation countries include those that have signed the London Agreement, although these savings can be offset by the inclusion of validation countries whose official language is German/French and which are not registered (see Example 4). The signing of the London Agreement is optional. For countries that do not apply, the previous law remains in force, i.e. they may require a translation of the entire patent specification into their national language in order for the patent to become effective in their country. .
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Principal War Criminals of the European Axis, THE SIGNATORIES having signed this Agreement. DONE in four copies at London on 8 August 1945 in English, French and Russian respectively, and each text has the same authenticity. These countries choose one of these three languages (English, French or German) and only require a translation of the specification into the chosen language (provided that the patent has not been granted in that language). They may request a translation of the claims into their national language. This information is simplified and should not be interpreted as a definitive explanation of law or practice. Of these, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco and Switzerland fall under Type 1 because they have English, German or French as their official language and therefore do not require a translation of the specification for the validation of the patent in their country. In November 1963, the (Greek Cypriot) President of the Republic, Archbishop Makarios III, proposed constitutional amendments «to resolve the constitutional blockades». The Turkish Cypriot leadership, who followed the Turkish Government, called it unacceptable. The Vice-President publicly declared that the Republic of Cyprus had ceased to exist and, together with the three Turkish Cypriot ministers, the Turkish Cypriot members of the Assembly withdrew, as did the Turkish Cypriot officials. Makarios rejected all proposals that would have led to the partition of Cyprus, and negotiations on the problem have always failed. The Treaty of Guarantee was designed to preserve bicommunal concordatism and the independent State of the Republic of Cyprus.
Cyprus and the guarantor powers (United Kingdom, Turkey and Greece) promised to prohibit the promotion of «either the unification of the Republic of Cyprus with another state or the division of the island». After the failure of the agreement in 1963 and the de facto military division of Cyprus into Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot regions, the largest Greek Cypriot region, controlled by the Cypriot government, claims that the 1960 constitution essentially remains in force, but the Turkish Cypriot region claims to have seceded through the declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983. .